Conflict, politics and ideology: Why Turkey is standing in the way of Sweden and Finland’s NATO bids

When Finland and Sweden announced their interest in joining NATO, the two Nordic states were expected to be swiftly accepted as members of the defense alliance. However, NATO membership requires the approval of all members. Turkey is one of the most powerful and strategically important members. The reasons are complex, emotional, and steeped into decades of often violent history.

Nonaligned up until now, Finland and Sweden last weekend announced plans to abandon that position and join NATO in the wake of Russia’s bloody invasion of Ukraine.

Official partners of the alliance since the 1990s, the idea that the Nordic states might actually join the group made Moscow bristle. NATO expansion has been a reason for Russia to invade Ukraine, another NATO partner.

Now, Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdan has the power to decide the future of NATO and its size and power in the face Russia’s war. In fact, Erdogan has blocked NATO’s attempt to speed-track the applications of Finland and Sweden, claiming that their membership would make NATO “a place where terrorist organizations are concentrated.” “

The clash has sent Western diplomats scrambling to bring Turkey on side, as Ankara presented a list of grievances to NATO ambassadors about its issues with the Nordic states – Sweden in particular.

When Erdogan talks of “terrorists” in this context, he means the Kurdish Workers’ Party, or the PKK – a Kurdish Marxist separatist movement that has been fighting Turkish forces on-and-off since the 1980s. It operates mostly in southeastern Turkey and parts of northern Iraq. The PKK is classified by Turkey as well as the U.S. and Canada as terrorist organizations.

In fact, Sweden was one of the first countries to designate the group as a terrorist organization in 1984.

However, Turkey says that Sweden has supported PKK members and provides protection for them. Sweden denies this, claiming that it supports other Kurds not affiliated with the PKK. However, the details are more complex.

Sweden’s foreign ministry declined to comment on Erdogan’s accusations when contacted by CNBC.

Since 1984, between 30,000 and 40,000 people are estimated to have died in fighting between the PKK and Turkish government, according to Crisis Group. According to Crisis Group, the PKK has carried out numerous attacks in Turkey.

When it comes to Finland, Turkey’s opposition to it joining NATO appears to be more by association – the country has a far smaller Kurdish population than Sweden, but its foreign policy tends to be similar.

Finland has also banned the PKK as a terrorist organization, but joined Sweden and other EU countries in halting weapons sales to Turkey in 2019 over Ankara’s military action against Kurdish groups in Syria.

Erdogan is demanding that Sweden extradite a list of people that Turkey has charged with terrorism. He also demands that Finland and Sweden publicly disavow the PKK, its affiliates, as well as lift their ban on Turkey’s weapons.

Hakki Akil, a former Turkish ambassador said that the Turkish perspective was “very simple.” “

” If Finland and Sweden wish to join a security alliance, they must give up their support for a terrorist organization [PKK] and not provide refuge to them. On the other hand they have also to accept Turkish requests of extradition of 30 terrorists, [which are] very specific cases. “

The Kurdish people are often described as the world’s largest ethnic group without a homeland – an estimated 30 million people. They are Sunni Muslims and have their own language and customs.

Nearly 20% of Turkey’s 84 million-strong population is Kurdish, with some Kurds holding important positions in Turkish politics and society, though many say they are discriminated against and their political parties face crackdowns from the Turkish state.

Spread out between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran, they have been heavily persecuted, marginalized and even been victims of genocide in the counties where they live – see Saddam Hussein’s chemical gas attacks that killed nearly 200,000 Kurds in Iraq in the late 1980s. Various Kurdish groups have pushed for Kurdish autonomy and statehood over the decades, some peacefully and some, like the PKK, through violence.

Kurdish fighters in Syria linked to the PKK played a major role in the fight against ISIS, receiving weapons support and funding from the U.S and Europe, including Sweden. This created tensions with Turkey which led to attacks on the Kurds of Syria.

“You are talking about people who have been actively fighting with Turkey for more that 40 years and killing tens of thousands of civilians in the process,” Muhammet Kocak, an international relations specialist based in Ankara, told CNBC.

“Turkey is not happy about the fact that they suddenly become good guys just because they came in handy against ISIS. “

Western governments hailed the Kurdish fighters as allies, and several EU countries put various embargoes on Turkey due to their targeting of Kurdish militias in Syria, highlighting the intractable differences between how each side perceived the fighters.

Underlying the tension between Turkey and Sweden is how each country defines “terrorist,” says Hussein Ibish, a senior resident scholar at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. It’s not just about Sweden’s liberal policies toward Kurdish refugees, political dissidents, and activists. It’s also a reflection on differing definitions of what constitutes intolerable Kurdish extremeism,” Ibish stated.

“Turkey basically classifies all Kurdish groups it strongly dislikes as PKK front organizations. This includes many non-PKK Kurdish entities, organizations, and organisations in Turkey and from Turkey. It also includes the Western-backed Syrian Democratic Forces in Syria (SDF), and a few Iraqi Kurdish group.

Sweden has a long history of taking in Kurdish refugees and asylum seekers, particularly political refugees. Many Kurds have seats in Sweden’s Parliament.

While most of the Kurds living in Sweden – which local groups say number as many as 100,000 – have no affiliation with the PKK, the Swedish government has supported members of other Kurdish organizations, particularly the political wing of the PKK’s Syrian branch, called the PYD.

Sweden says the PKK and PYD are different – but Turkey says they are one and the same.

Stockholm also politically and financially supports the Syrian Democratic Council (SDC), the political wing of the SDF, a Kurdish-led militia group created with support from the U.S. to fight ISIS in Syria. Ankara claims that the SDC is dominated and controlled by PKK terrorists.

In 2021, Sweden’s government announced an increase in funding for Kurdish groups in Syria to $376 million by 2023, saying it remained an “active partner” to Syria’s Kurds and that its funds were aimed at “strengthening resilience, human security and freedom from violence” and improving “human rights, gender equality and democratic development. “

With Swedish elections coming up in September, it’s unlikely that the government will make any major concessions to Erdogan that would make it look weak, according to some analysts.

Others believe that Erdogan ultimately will not block Sweden and Finland’s NATO memberships, but instead is seeking to improve his waning popularity at home.

” My suspicion is that Turkey, especially if it can get a few concessions from the Western powers, and its NATO allies will not ultimately seek out to block Finland or Sweden from joining the organization.” Ibish, the Arab Gulf States Institute’s director, said. Many Turks are reminded of the importance of NATO membership by the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the fact the war is now focusing on parts of Ukraine that are close to Turkey. “

Still, NATO may face gridlock for some time if Erdogan is not satisfied with Sweden and Finland’s responses to his demands.